Aerosols Handbook

 Measurement, Dosimetry, and Health Effects

  Aerosols consist of particles in the very broad range of sizes from nanometers to hundreds of micrometers (4 to 5 orders of magnitude). Therefore, their behavior is complicated in the atmosphere, indoors, and especially in the lung. Health effects associated with aerosols depend on the physical parameter that we call "dose." Dose depends on the quantity of aerosols in target cells. With the exception of some radioactive aerosols, it is practically impossible to measure dose directly. In practice, assessment of the dose is provided by measuring air concentration and calculating some known parameters. According to the U.S. EPA, "in epidemiological studies, an index of exposure from personal or stationary monitors of selected pollutants is analyzed for associations with health outcomes, such as morbidity or mortality. However, it is a basic tenet of toxicology that the dose delivered to the target site, not the external exposure, is a proximal cause of a response. Therefore, there is increased emphasis on understanding the exposure–dose–response relationship.

Exposure is what gets measured in the typical study and what gets regulated; dose is the causative factor." In this book, we present a general, up-to-date overview of all aspects of aerosols, from their properties to the health outcomes. First, current issues related to aerosol measurement are detailed: standardization of measurements for different types of aerosols (indoor, medical and pharmaceutical, industrial, bioactive, and radioactive), with a special emphasis on breathing zone measurements. The handbook also discusses the problems of aerosol dosimetry, such as the definitions of aerosol exposure and aerosol dose, including the issue of nanometer particles, the mechanism of aerosol deposition in the lung, and modeling deposition with an emphasis on the corresponding uncertainty in risk assessment

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